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新冠是pandemic还是epidemic(新冠属于p几)

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  • 2023-03-05 18:28:01
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新冠大流行 到底是epidemic还是pandemic

新冠用epidemic还是pandemic

2021年2月22日,美国新冠肺炎死亡病例突破50万。新任美国总统拜登在全国讲话中号召:‘We must not become numb to the sorrow’(我们不应该对悲伤麻木)…I also ask us to act(行动), to remain vigilant(保持警惕)

, to stay socially distanced(保持社交距离), to mask up(戴上口罩), get vaccinated when it’s your turn(轮到你的时候尽快打疫苗)。

新冠疫情已经持续了一年以上。这一年中,世界发生了太多的变化。一年前,我们还在费劲地记忆coronavirus这个单词,而现在,全球各大词典的2020年度词汇盘点,个个都是新冠疫情相关:

韦氏词典(Merriam-Webster)/词典网()年度词汇:pandemic(大流行病)

柯林斯词典(Collins Dictionary)年度词汇:lockdown(封锁)

剑桥词典(Cambridge Dictionary)年度词汇:quarantine(隔离)

牛津词典(Oxford Dictionary)直接表示:2020变化太快

新冠肺炎席卷全球:Epidemic或变成Pandemic

新冠病毒持续在全球传播之际,epidemic和pandemic这两个词比往常更频繁地在新闻报道中出现。尽管这两个词很相近,但二者指的不是同一种东西,就像流感从来不是感冒。

当一种传染性疾病迅速传播给许多人时,就被称为epidemic。通常,epidemic发生之前会有outbreak(疾病暴发),即“某种疾病案例的突然增加”。Outbreak可能影响到单个社区或几个国家,但规模比epidemic小得多。

如果一场epidemic不能被控制住,还在不断蔓延,公共卫生官员可能就要开始称之为pandemic,意思是这场流行病已经影响到世界不同地区足够多的人,到了全球性暴发的程度。

尽管新冠肺炎疫情在中国得到有效遏制,但韩国、日本、意大利、伊朗等国出现多起聚集性感染,确诊病例快速增加,其中与伊朗和意大利相关联的病例已向多国输出,意大利总理孔特宣布自10日起将在全国范围内实行封城禁令。截至欧洲中部时间3月9日上午10时,中国境外共104个国家和地区累计确诊新冠肺炎28674例,死亡共计686例,全球累计确诊超10万例。

全球新冠肺炎疫情图示(来自北京大学)

当地时间3月9日,世卫组织总干事谭德塞在日内瓦表示,新冠肺炎成为全球性大流行病的威胁已变得非常现实。此前,谭德塞在3月2日的媒体通报会上称,如证据确凿,世卫组织将毫不犹豫地将新冠肺炎由之前的流行病(Epidemic)改宣为全球性大流行病(Pandemic)。

Pandemic意味着什么?

新冠肺炎如果演变成“全球性大流行病”,不仅意味着疫情严重程度的升级,也意味着抗“疫”难度的升级。约翰霍普金斯健康安全中心高级研究员詹妮弗·努佐表示,当疫情蔓延到全球时,世卫组织和联合国等国际组织必须在比epidemic时期更大的地理范围上分配资源,这将使pandemic情况下的防控工作更加难以调控。

“对付这种病原体的方法也可能发生变化。如果病例无处不在,当局可能会停止阻止它进入另一个国家,而是集中精力治疗疾病本身,减缓病原体的传播,保护弱势羣体。”詹妮弗·努佐说道。

上一次官宣Pandemic

上一次官宣Pandemic是在2009年甲型H1N1流感暴发时。2009年6月11日,时任世卫组织总干事陈冯富珍宣布,根据现有证据以及专家们对证据的评估,甲型H1N1病毒的传播情况已经达到为流感大流行设定的科学标准。这是世卫组织40年来第一次把传染病警戒级别升至较高。H1N1最终蔓延到214个国家和地区,在当年导致至少18449人死亡。2009年的甲流大流行,也催生了疫苗和新型神经氨酸酶抑制剂如帕拉米韦的研发,以及数年后力纬在中国的上市。

2009年世卫组织官宣Pandemic(来自WHO视频截图)

出于对2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行的经验教训和总结,世卫组织曾于2017年发布过“流感大流行风险管理指南”。考虑到新型冠状病毒和流感病毒的差异,这份指南并不一定准确适用。但其中的理念是一以贯之的:在应对“全球性流行病”时,不仅需要各国因地制宜开展防控工作,更需要国家间的精诚合作。

新冠肺炎成为Pandemic影响有多大?

2009年4月25日世卫组织宣布美国和墨西哥甲型H1N1流感疫情为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(PHEIC)到6月11日定性其为“全球性大流行病”(Pandemic),历时一个半月,当时H1N1流感已在74个国家报告了近3万起确诊病例。同样的一个半月,新冠肺炎病毒的全球感染人数却已远超当年。

新冠肺炎如果成为Pandemic,对全球经济的打击程度也是令世界担忧的重大议题。疫情本身的严重性,加上全球经济格局的变化,使其更加来势汹汹。参考2009年H1N1流感大流行,据报道,其导致首发地墨西哥当年GDP缩减比例大约5.3%,经济损失数百亿美元。回顾同样蔓延至全球的SARS,据美国智库布鲁金斯学会统计,当年SARS给全球经济造成了约400亿美元的损失。而与之相比,新冠病毒更为狡猾——传染性比SARS强,致死率比流感高,这使得此次疫情在全球影响面会更为广泛。穆迪分析公司首席经济学家马克·赞迪此前表示,若新冠肺炎发展成全球性大流行病,可能导致美国和全球经济在2020年上半年陷入衰退。

不过世卫组织表示,中国经验证明新冠肺炎可被遏制,大多数感染者也都可以康复,中国有70%病例已康复并已出院。谭德塞指出,即使宣布新冠肺炎为大流行病,仍然可以遏制它,只是时间问题,并呼吁各国尽最大努力,赢得这场战役。

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挺过新冠病毒的纽约患者,却没能熬过40w天价账单...

新冠疫情的英文是什么?

新冠疫情的英文是COVID-19。

例句:

1、不过“PetsatHome”指出,新冠病毒疫情改变了这一切,因为我们待在家里的时间更多了。

But Pets at Home say the pandemic has changed all that as we spend more time in our homes.

2、伊朗是新冠病毒疫情最严重的国家之一。

Iran is one of the countries hardest-hit by the virus.

3、新冠病毒疫情、荷兰的花卉供应问题和英国脱欧都推高了成本。

Covid, supply problems from Holland and Brexit have driven up costs.

4、伊朗宣布抗击新冠病毒疫情的国家计划。

Iran has announced a national plan to combat the novel coronavirus outbreak.

5、特别是考虑到目前的新冠病毒疫情。

especially taking into account the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic.

'Pandemic' vs 'Epidemic'区别

疫情期间经常听见pandemic和epidemic这两单词,上网检索了一下它们的区别

How they overlap and where they differ

12 Mar 2020

What to Know

A disease can be declared anepidemicwhen it spreads over a wide area and many individuals are taken ill at the same time. If the spread escalates further, an epidemic can become apandemic, which affects an even wider geographical area and a significant portion of the population becomes affected.

Wash hands. Moisturize. Repeat.

On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization officially changed its designation of COVID-19 , the illness caused by a coronavirus , from an epidemic to a pandemic . This shift prompted a considerable number of people to turn to the dictionary, in order to ascertain the difference between the two-demics. What is the difference between anepidemicand apandemic?

Epidemic vs. Pandemic

Anepidemicis defined as “an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time.” Apandemicis a type ofepidemic(one with greater range and coverage), an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population. While apandemicmay be characterized as a type ofepidemic, you would not say that anepidemicis a type ofpandemic.

Adjectives Before Nouns

Both words have functions and meanings in addition to the ones given above. Each word entered English as an adjective before being used as a noun, beginning in the 17th century.

An  Epidemick plague, is a common and popular sicknesse, hapning in some region, or countrey, at a certaine time, caused by a certaine indisposition of the aire, or waters of the same region, producing in all sorts of people, one and the same kind of sicknesse.

— Thomas Lodge,A treatise of the plague, 1603

These Praedicates certainly are not convertible with the fore-mentioned Diseases, and therefore ought not so rashly to be pronounced the Scorvey; which moreover is Endemick, the others Epidemick and Pandemick.

— Gideon Harvey,The disease of London, 1675

Epidemicbegan being used as a noun later in the 17th century;pandemicdid not undergo this functional shift until the 19th.

CHAP. X. Of Pestilential and malignant Feavers, together with the small Pox, and such other Epidemics, as are Communicated by infection.

— Anon.,Pyretologia, 1674

Those diseases which have some strong resemblance in their general characters, and attack many individuals in a large extent of country at about the same time, are commonly calledepidemics. If all, or about all the inhabitants of a country be similarly attacked, at or near the same time, with a particular complaint, it is more properly called apandemic.

— J. A. Allen,The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 5 Sept. 1832

Origins of Epidemic and Pandemic

Epidemic, which may be traced to the Greek epidḗmios (“within the country, among the people, prevalent (of a disease)”), may carry broader meanings, such as “excessively prevalent,” “contagious,” or “characterized by very widespread growth or extent” (often used in a non-medical sense).Pandemicis less often encountered in a broad and non-medical sense, but does have additional senses, including “affecting the majority of people in a country or a number of countries”, “found in most parts of the world and in varied ecological conditions,” and “of or relating to common or sensual love” (in this last sense the word is usually capitalized).Pandemiccomes from the Greek pandēmos(“of all the people”), which itself is frompan-(“all, every”) and  dēmos (“people”).

On the Novel Coronavirus

Some organizations and scientists had recommended calling the coronavirus apandemicin the weeks prior to the World Health Organization deciding to do so. It is worth noting, however, that there is no clear line distinguishing anepidemicfrom apandemic. The latter is, from a public health perspective, worse than the former, but there is sufficient overlap between the two that at certain points consensus is unlikely. Thecoronavirushas, unfortunately, spread now to such a global extent, and with such severity, that we appear to have moved past the point of semantic ambiguity; the disease has taken onpandemicproportions.

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新冠疫情的英语怎么说?

有关新冠疫情的英语词汇有:

1.Pneumonia caused by the novel

coronavirus 新冠肺炎

2.confirmed case 确诊病例

3.suspected case 疑似病例

4.Close contact 密切接触者

5.be under medical observation

接受医学观察

6.quarantine 隔离

7.incubation period 潜伏期

8.human-to -human transmission

人传人

9.droplet transmission

飞沫传播

10.imported case 输入性病例

11.secondary infection case

二代病例

12.asymptomatic infection

隐性感染(无症状感染者)

13.epidemic prevention and control

疫情防控

14.test kit 试剂盒

15.makeshift hospital 应急医院

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新冠疫情用epidemic还是pandemic

新冠用pandemic这个单词来形容。

世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞在日内瓦举行的例行记者会上称,新冠肺炎已成为“大流行病”(a pandemic  /pænˈdemɪk/ )。 根据世卫组织的定义,大流行病“是一种蔓延至全世界,或跨越国界、蔓延至极广泛区域,通常影响大量人群的流行病。”

发病特征

根据现有病例资料,新型冠状病毒肺炎以发热、干咳、乏力等为主要表现,少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、腹泻等上呼吸道和消化道症状。重症病例多在1周后出现呼吸困难,严重者快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒和出凝血功能障碍及多器官功能衰竭等。值得注意的是重症、危重症患者病程中可为中低热,甚至无明显发热。

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